You can achieve this by using the goldmark-katex extension with Hugo. Add the extension to your Hugo project, and configure it to work with KaTeX. This will enable proper rendering of math equations in your Markdown files.
To clarify, you would have to fork the Hugo project, integrate the extension, then compile. Other than those that are built-in, Goldmark extensions are not plug-and-play.
The intent of this topic, allowing delimited snippets of markdown (either inline or block) to pass through the markdown renderer without modification, has been addressed in v0. 122.0.
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